香港有限合夥基金架構

香港立法會於2020年7月9日通過了新的法例,引入了香港有限合夥基金(LPF)制架構,為另類投資基金提供了一種新的香港基金類型,特別是針對私募股權基金,因其典型的架構為有限合夥制。

由2020年8月31日起,LPF架構可按《有限合夥基金條例》(LPFO)建立,申請人可根據LPFO的適用要求向香港公司註冊處申請設立LPF,確定擬議的地址、營業地點和投資範圍、擬議的普通合夥人和擬議的投資經理以及擬議的“負責人”,負責人必須是認可機構、持牌法團、會計或法律專業人士,來履行LPF的反洗黑錢/反恐融資職能。註冊LPF的申請必須由已註冊的香港律師事務所或可在香港執業的香港律師提交。如果公司註冊處接受申請書已包含必要的文件和信息及申請人已支付有關申請費,便可成功註冊LPF。

由於LPF本身不是獨立的法人,因此LPF的普通合夥人將代表LPF行事及行使職權。普通合夥人最終負責LPF的管理和控制,並對LPF的所有債項和義務承擔無限法律責任,但假如普通合夥人任命了授權代表,則普通合夥人和授權代表共同承擔連帶責任,並共同對LPF承擔最終義務。有限合夥人則只須承擔有限責任,對LPF的債項及義務所承擔的法律責任,並不超過該合夥人所協定注資的款額,前提是有限責任合夥人並不涉及參與該基金的管理。LPFO特別列出若干活動或行為,有限合夥人進行該等活動或行為不會被視為參與該基金的管理,例如參與涉及實際或潛在的利益衝突的決策,儘管所列出的活動或行為並非詳盡無遺地列出所有有限合夥人參與而不被視為參與基金管理的活動或行為。

牌照要求

值得注意的是,LPF與香港開放式基金型公司架構不同,LPF並不受香港主要的證券和期貨市場監管機構,即證券及期貨事務監察委員會(SFC)的(直接)監管,亦無需其事先批准。LPF必須具有合乎要求的普通合夥人和投資經理,以及上述“負責人”。投資經理必須是年滿18歲的香港居民、在香港註冊成立的香港公司或在香港註冊的非香港成立公司。普通合夥人可以屬其中任何一種類別,甚或是香港或非香港有限合夥。如果普通合夥人是香港或非香港有限合夥,該LPF必須擁有一位授權代表,該授權代表可以是18歲以上的香港居民,香港公司或香港註冊的非香港成立公司。另外,LPF必須任命一名獨立審計師對LPF的財務報表進行年度審計。

根據《香港證券及期貨條例》(SFO),從事與證券及期貨市場有關的受規管活動的業務須符合SFC的牌照要求。於2020年1月,SFC發出通函就本地受規管活動牌照要求該如何適用於私募股權基金經理提供指引及釋疑,並指出其將考慮投資組合的組成,若私募股權基金經理所管理的私募股權基金所成立的特定目的公司或所持有的投資屬於“證券”的定義,則可能觸發牌照要求。

任何人士或實體從事“私募股權”或“風險投資”投資組合的交易、提供意見或管理,視乎投資組合是否涉及證券,可能有潛在的牌照要求(注:“證券”的定義不包括《公司條例》第 11 條所指的私人公司的股票或債權證)。如果LPF的普通合夥人,投資經理或顧問在香港開展業務及從事有關不屬於《公司條例》所指的“私人公司”定義的離岸私人公司的股份或債券的交易、提供意見或管理,則很有可能須持有相關牌照,除非有特定豁免。

同時,在香港從事LPF募集業務的人士可能需獲得SFC發牌以進行第1類受規管活動(證券交易),除非有特定豁免。獲SFC發牌從事第9類受規管活動(提供資產管理)的香港管理人可依賴一項附帶豁免以銷售其基金,即其銷售基金的活動完全附帶於其資產管理業務而獲得豁免。

稅務優惠框架

本地規定並沒有限制香港管理人只能設立香港投資基金,SFO 也沒有在持牌人士從事受規管活動或證券銷售方面對本地基金和離岸基金進行區分。對於香港管理人來說,以有限合夥基金形式在開曼群島等離岸司法管轄區設立私募股權基金是很常見的,從稅收角度來看亦是較為有利及具靈活性。

自2019年4月1日起,香港實行新的利得稅豁免政策,所有投資基金無論其中央管理和控制的地點、架構、基金規模或投資目標如何,就特定資產的交易只要滿足一定條件均可享有稅務豁免。基金對海外和本地私人公司的投資均可享受免稅優惠。上述利得稅豁免要求合格的免稅交易是通過“指定人士”進行的或由“指定人士”安排的,指定人士是指根據SFO已獲發牌或註冊以進行指定受規管活動的法團,包括香港持牌基金經理。因此,自2019年4月起,新的利得稅豁免政策為私募股權基金在香港設立或管理提供了更有利和更具吸引力的稅務框架。

另一個關鍵問題是關於可能須繳香港利得稅或薪俸稅的LPF的業績表現費或附帶權益以及基金管理層報酬的稅收待遇。香港稅務局(IRD)過去曾多次重申,在香港運營的基金應確保就香港基金經理和/或顧問所承擔的風險和履行的職能向其支付真實公平的費用。此外,稅務局指出,如果在考慮了歸屬於基金在香港的運營的職能、資產和風險後認為香港投資經理或顧問所提供的服務沒有得到足夠的報酬,稅務局會仔細審視任何業績表現費或附帶利益的安排,並且如果所收到的分配並非真實的投資收益的話,可能會引用一般反避稅規定。

但是,隨著LPF制度將從2020年8月31日起生效,香港計畫為在本港運營的私募股權基金所分發的附帶權益提供稅務寬免優惠政策,並於稍後公佈有關細節。業界預計將會有針對私募股權基金經理的附帶權益提供的稅務寬免,以鼓勵私募股權基金管理人選擇在香港設立LPF,並在香港開展業務。

我們樂見香港推出LPF,為私募股權基金的發起人和管理人提供額外的架構選擇,這將鞏固香港作為資產管理中心在私募股權基金和投資領域的地位,並將進一步發展香港的基金管理行業。

有關設立香港有限合夥基金,請聯繫:

張慧雯律師(郵箱:vivien.teu@vteu.co) / 何琄律師(郵箱:sarah.he@vteu.co

Lexology GTDT Fund Management

The Lexology Getting the Deal Through Guide for Fund Management is now published. Access this link for all the chapters across 15 jurisdictions and a comparison tool: https://www.lexology.com/gtdt/workareas/fund-management

We are pleased to have contributed the Hong Kong chapter alongside many distinguished firms focused on fund management areas, and to have worked with Lexology GTDT team on this publication.

Please access our Hong Kong chapter here.

Chambers Private Wealth 2019

Abolition of Quota Requirements for QFII/RQFII

Although this was indicated as being on the cards, China has surprised the global investment community with an unexpected formal announcement to abolish the quota requirements under the QFII and RQFII regimes.   The China Statement Administration of Foreign Exchange (SAFE) published its statement on 10 September 2019 referring to this strategic policy decision as a measure of further opening up.

The framework for qualified foreign institutional investors (QFII) is the program first introduced in 2002 to allow foreign investment (and foreign exchange) into the onshore equities market in China for China A Shares listed on the Shanghai Stock Exchange and Shenzhen Stock Exchange, and to-date other domestic securities and investment instruments, under China’s strict foreign exchange controls.  RQFII is the corresponding framework for offshore Renminbi in place since 2011.   

Since the first implementations of the frameworks, foreign institutional investors including asset managers, pension funds, foundations, banks, securities firms and insurance companies as well as foreign sovereign wealth funds have to apply for specific quota limits on the amount of investment allowed into China, besides obtaining a QFII or RQFII licence subject to meeting relevant eligibility requirements.   The quota requirements adopted under QFII and RQFII programs have been under SAFE’s management and oversight as part of foreign exchange controls and balance of payments.  

According to SAFE’s statement, going forward, qualifying QFIIs and RQFIIs would only need to undergo a registration process to freely remit funds into China for investment in the domestic securities markets.  This is intended to enable international investors to more easily and more broadly participate in the China bonds and stock markets.  

The abolition of quota is certainly a significant event in the evolution of the frameworks since its first implementations.   Over the years and having been through several key milestone initiatives, we have seen the changes from the earlier days when the QFII program was highly restricted in terms of eligibility conditions and availability of quota, as well as questions around custody and ownership that are now considerably established.  The global investment community who have invested in the China market under QFII and RQFII has lived through challenges on quota management, tax compliance, repatriation limits and related liquidity risks.   Many of these issues have now been largely liberalised or addressed under both QFII and RQFII programs.

This should be an interesting prospect for investment managers and other global investors who wish to further allocate into China A Shares and other domestic securities, perhaps in line with the inclusion and increase in weightage in global indices such as MSCI.   We believe the removal of quota limits could spur development of index-tracking exchange-traded fund products and also more investment by such products into China A Shares, with flexibility to operate without quota constraints.

More details are required, however, and SAFE states that it is in the process of seeking the approval of the China State Council regarding the administrative measures and further announcement.     

Global managers and institutional investors should closely watch this space for updates on the timing and manner in which existing quota system would transition, the proposed registration system that would replace the quota requirements, any corresponding changes regarding repatriation, or other account management issues.

Vivien Teu & Co LLP is experienced in advising investment managers on offshore investment products (such as retail funds authorised by the Hong Kong Securities & Futures Commission or private funds) that invest in China A Shares or domestic market through QFII / RQFII programs (or other cross-market channels such as stock connect or accessing China Inter-bank Bond Market). We would be happy to assist if you have any questions or wish to discuss the subject matter of this update. 

ICLG Alternative Investment Funds 2019 – Hong Kong

Vivien Teu & Co LLP is pleased to continue our contribution of the Hong Kong Chapter this year to the International Comparative Legal Guide (ICLG) on Alternative Investments Funds 2019, published by Global Legal Group.

Our authors Vivien Teu and Sarah He provide an overview of recent changes and updates to available legal structures, regulatory developments and market trends shaping private investment products and distribution issues in Hong Kong, as well as new legislation this year that expanded the Hong Kong profits tax exemption for private funds while the global tax environment increases emphasis on operational substance.

The chapter is available online at: https://iclg.com/practice-areas/alternative-investment-funds-laws-and-regulations/hong-kong

For a print version of the chapter:

Enhanced Requirements on Complex Products

From 6 July 2019, the Guidelines on Online Distribution and Advisory Platforms (“Guidelines on Online Platforms”) issued by the Securities & Futures Commission (“SFC”) would become effective, within which outlines the SFC’s further guidance on the expected conduct requirements on intermediaries offering investment products on online platforms, and where the SFC introduced specific requirements with respect to investment products that are “complex products”. Correspondingly, a new paragraph 5.5 in the SFC Code of Conduct for Persons Licensed by or Registered with the Securities and Futures Commission (“Code of Conduct”) shall apply to all intermediaries (online or offline) in providing services in complex products. Paragraph 5.5 of the Code of Conduct will also take effect on 6 July 2019.

In this update, we provide an overview of the enhanced requirements that would apply under which investment products may be categorised as complex products, in respect of which intermediaries would need to ensure suitability of the product to its clients and provide expected disclosures of minimum product information and warning statements. Intermediaries and fund managers should be taking actions including legal and regulatory review of their service offerings, product due dilience processes and product disclosures in preparing for compliance with the requirements.

International tax cooperation spurs key development for the Hong Kong asset management industry

In December 2017, the Council of the European Union (EU) identified certain ring-fencing features in Hong Kong’s profits tax exemption regime, which are considered discriminatory and isolated from the domestic economy. In order not to be labelled as a non-cooperative jurisdiction by the EU Council, Hong Kong committed to addressing this concern by considering appropriate modifications and proposing legislative amendments by the end of 2018.

On 7 December 2018, the Hong Kong Government Gazette published new and self-contained provisions in the Inland Revenue Ordinance (Cap. 112) (IRO) that will allow all funds operating in Hong Kong, regardless of their location of central management and control, their size or the purpose that they serve, to enjoy profits tax exemption for transactions in specified assets subject to meeting certain conditions. The bill will be introduced into the Legislative Council on 12 December 2018, and when adopted, will come into operation on 1 April 2019.

Once the proposed amendments are adopted, more funds are expected to become eligible for enjoying tax exemption benefits in Hong Kong. This is a significant development that will create a level playing field for tax for all funds operating in Hong Kong, whether domiciled in or outside Hong Kong, and whether operating or managed in or from Hong Kong.

The change is expected to enhance Hong Kong’s position as an international asset and wealth management centre, and could attract more professional asset management and related services to be brought into and be carried out from Hong Kong.

Read our Legal Update for more details:

The International Comparative Legal Guide – Corporate Tax 2019 – Hong Kong

Vivien Teu & Co LLP is delighted to have contributed the Hong Kong chapter of The International Comparative Legal Guide: Vivien Teu & Co LLP_Hong Kong_Corporate Tax 2019.

The Guide is published by Global Legal Group in association with William Watson of Slaughter and May, covering common issues in corporate tax laws and regulations – including capital gain, overseas profits, real estate, anti-avoidance, BEPS and the digital economy – in 34 jurisdictions.

The Full Guide is free to access: https://iclg.com/practice-areas/corporate-tax-laws-and-regulations

New Hong Kong Regulatory Approach to Virtual Assets

The Hong Kong Securities & Futures Commission (SFC) today issued a statement and an accompanying circular setting out a new regulatory approach on virtual assets, referred to as a “digital representation of value” (encompassing “cryptocurrency”, “crypto-assets” or “digital token”).

The statement outlines the SFC’s new measures to regulate investment or portfolio management or distribution of investment products that involve investing in virtual assets, including licensing conditions that could apply irrespective of whether the virtual assets meet the definition of “securities” or “futures contract” (licensing requirements for engaging in type 1 regulated activity of dealing in securities and/or for engaging in type 9 regulated activity of asset management could apply).

It is intended to address risks that virtual assets pose to investors, and to “encourage the responsible use of technologies and also provide investors with better choices and better outcomes”, in the words of Mr Ashley Alder, the SFC’s Chief Executive Officer.

This may be seen as the SFC taking needed cautious measures on a new risky asset class, bringing virtual assets clearly within its regulatory scope.

At the same time, the SFC has introduced a conceptual framework for the potential regulation of virtual asset trading platform operators”. According to the SFC, the new regulatory framework is intended as a “conceptual framework to explore a pathway for compliance for virtual trading platform operators who are willing to be supervised by us”.

As such, the framework could be a welcomed and strategic step for Hong Kong in the growing virtual and digital assets world. The SFC conceptual framework lays down the core principles and expected platform and trading terms and conditions that shall apply, for exploring virtual trading platforms in SFC regulatory sandbox environment.

The key principles include requiring all virtual asset trading activities to be conducted under a single legal entity and compliance with all applicable requirements by the entire virtual asset trading business, and that the services of virtual trading platform operator should be provided only to “professional investors”.

Recently, the SFC has launched a new logo of a soaring eagle, which may suggest a lift-off to a new era, while the SFC emphasises its unceasing vigilance on new risks.

To discuss this subject matter, please contact:

Vivien Teu (Email: vivien.teu@vteu.co; Tel:+852 2969 5316)

Links to:

Statement on regulatory framework for virtual asset portfolio managers, fund distributors and trading platform operators

Circular to intermediaries – Distribution of virtual asset funds

Regulatory Standards for lincensed corporations managing virtual asset portfolios

Conceptual framework for the potential regulation of virtual asset trading platform operators

Hong Kong SFC increasing focus on Green Finance and ESG

At a recent luncheon with the Hong Kong Investment Funds Association, Ashley Alder, Chief Executive Officer of the Securities and Futures Commission (SFC), gave an update on the SFC’s strategy for the Hong Kong asset management industry.

Besides reflecting on where things are on the key initiatives of the SFC in recent years – namely the mutual recognition of funds arrangements, retail fund distribution, ETF connect, the newly introduced open-ended fund company structure and the ongoing review of the Code on Unit Trusts, formal references were made to green finance and investing with ESG factors.

As stated in the speech:

“Investors increasingly recognise that strong environment, social and governance (ESG) standards are a proxy for overall management quality and long-term sustainability. Companies with high ESG standards are likely [to] have less exposure to environmental accidents or regulatory breaches which could impose significant costs and harm their brand reputation or other intangible assets.”

“At the same time, many studies have now found that ESG factors actually boost risk adjusted returns, and at worst only have a neutral impact.”

“Growing interest in the area has created a situation where more investors want in, but there is a lack of truly sustainable investment opportunities.”

In this context, it is noteworthy from the speech that the following are key areas the SFC is looking at:

  • Potentially mandating environmental disclosures by listed companies, following the footsteps of Mainland China where such requirements are expected to be introduced in 2020; this is aimed to enhance quality and comparability of ESG data from companies for investment decisions by asset managers;
  • Examining asset manager’s integration of ESG factors into the investment processes, and disclosure of the methodology to investors;
  • Developing consistent disclosures and labelling guidelines for green investment products.

Read the full speech here:

https://www.sfc.hk/web/EN/files/ER/PDF/Speeches/Ashley_20180919.pdf